Throughout history, Jews around the world have generally avoided military involvement—especially in contexts where the armed forces showed little concern for their needs or identity as Jews. One of the most fascinating exceptions emerged in pre-State Palestine, where, beginning in 1907, Jews under both Ottoman and British rule began forming their own defense organizations—sometimes against outside enemies, and at times even against one another. This session will explore the evolution and impact of groups such as Hashomer, the Jewish Legion, the Jewish Brigade, the Haganah, Palmach, Irgun, and Lehi. Their legacy continues to shape the Israel Defense Forces to this day.